What Debian ISO did you actually use for the installation? There are many different variants, and they have many installation options. The normal default installation will install a Gnome desktop and an appropriate X server. It sometimes happens that the installed X server doesn't work, in which case you will end up with a text login, but there should be some error messages to indicate what happened.
But it's also possible to install a minimal text-only version, which may be what you did. In this case, in addition to the gnome-session package you will need to install the packages xorg and gdm3:
apt-get update
apt-get install xorg gdm3