I'd go back to basics and wire it all "correctly/optimally" with just 2 wires, after all that's what comes into your property.
Then use a filter (rat-tail or faceplate) at the very last point where your phone is plugged in (alongside the router?).
I believe almost all filters generate a bell signal, but your ADSLnation faceplate may not have been designed to or some components may have failed.
You ideally should run an unfiltered 2-wire cable from the master socket (it has terminals for that) to your extension point.
There you should have either a simple passive BT socket with plug-in filter or a filtered faceplate.
With that your broadband will be optimum (though not as good as with the router at the master socket) and your old phone should work and ring.
If the phone doesn't ring the add a plug-in filter and see if it works then. If it does and you want it neater, replace the filtered faceplate.
I'm also confused by the ADSL nation faceplate in your pictures, that's not an extension filtered faceplate, it looks like one to fit a master socket XTE-2005?
Do you have two master sockets in series, one where the line comes in and one where the phone/router are?
You should have something that looks like this at the end of the extension: