Technically both.
OpenReach uses Annex A infrastructure (POTS) .
OpenReach uses a VDSL2 Annex B Bandplan.
In Germany for example they use Annex B infrastructure (ISDN) with the exact same Annex B bandplan.
Some modems in the UK report Annex B in the stats but it's the bandplan being reported.
Really you want a modem that states it uses Annex A.
If the DSL port is RJ11 then it's Annex A (UK) and if it's an RJ45 DSL port then it's more often than not Annex B.
Could this low upload sync speed be caused because TP-Link is using Annex A?
Nope.
An Annex B infrastructure modem (ISDN) will not sync on ADSL or VDSL2 on OpenReach.