Is your cousin also approximately 400m from the cabinet?
If so, the difference in FTTC speed between your neighbour's & your cousin's connections COULD be due to their chosen packages i.e. one is "up to 80Mb" & the other is "up to" 40Mb.
If they are both "up to" 80 Mb packages, there would definitely appear to be a problem with the D-side cabling between cabinet & DP and/or DP to master socket drop wire.
I f your neighbour & cousin were willing to either unlock his modem (assuminhg it is the Huawei HG612) or obtain a spare one to unlock, they would be able to see the connection's attainable rate from the modem's stats.
If this is just over 40Mb for your neighbour & the distance from the cabinet really is around the same as your cousin's, that again would suggest the same potential problem as mentioned above.
If your neigbour's & your cousin's attainable rates are similar & both are much closer to (possibly higher than) 80Mb, it would suggest the cabling from cabinet to home is actually O.K. & that the gradual ADSL deterioration COULD be corrosion on a whole batch of cabinet connections or that ADSL speeds had possibly gradually deteriorated due to crosstalk as increasing numbers of users were being connected over the years.
FWIW, Attainable rates over FTTC for a cable length of 400m would usually be substantially higher than 40Mb on copper cabling with good physical connections.