I remember a story from 1970s, haven't found it online but I believe it to be true...
The Americans captured a crashed soviet airforce jet and, of course, took it apart to see what it was made of. They laughed when they discovered the jet's electronics were of 1950s vintage, using thermionic valves rather than ICs, or even discrete transistors.
Some time later, the penny dropped, the Soviets were actually quite clever.... Thermionic valves would survive the EMP from a nuke, that would have wiped out solid state electronics.